Other possible locations of damage are spar webs, bulkheads, nacelle skin and attachments, firewall skin, and wing and fuselage stringers. Another indication easily detected is fuel leakage along riveted seams. Wrinkled wing skin is the most easily detected sign of an excessive load having been imposed during a landing. For this reason, a special inspection is performed after a landing is made at a weight known to exceed the design landing weight or after a rough landing, even though the latter may have occurred when the aircraft did not exceed the design landing weight. However, because of the difficulty in estimating vertical velocity at the time of contact, it is hard to judge whether or not a landing has been sufficiently severe to cause structural damage. An overweight landing inspection must be performed when an airplane lands at a weight above the maximum design landing weight. The hard landing inspection is for hard landings at or below the maximum design landing limits. The structural stress induced by a landing depends not only upon the gross weight at the time, but also upon the severity of impact. The following paragraphs describe some typical types of special inspections.
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In situations where the manual does not adequately address the situation, seek advice from other maintenance technicians who are highly experienced with them. When performing any of these special inspections, always follow the detailed procedures in the aircraft maintenance manual. The procedures outlined on the following pages are general in nature and are intended to acquaint the aviation mechanic with the areas to be inspected.
When these situations are encountered, special inspection procedures, also called conditional inspections, are followed to determine if damage to the aircraft structure has occurred. Special InspectionsÄuring the service life of an aircraft, occasions may arise when something out of the ordinary care and use of an aircraft could possibly affect its airworthiness.
Small and simple aircraft have fewer systems than larger, more complex aircraft. Keep in mind that not all aircraft have all these systems installed. The following abbreviated table of A4A System, Subsystem, and Titles is included for familiarization purposes.
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Late model aircraft, both over and under the 12,500-pound designation, have their parts manuals and maintenance manuals arranged according to the A4Acoded system. Numbering in each major system provides an arrangement for breaking the system down into several subsystems. The A4A iSPec 2200 divides the aircraft into systems, such as air conditioning, that covers the basic air conditioning system (A4A 21).